Akukho isemthethweni uqeqesho kwakufuneka ibe daigennin
Kwi-Japan, attorneys e umthetho ifomu isiseko lizwe ke asemthethweni asekuhlaleniNgokwembali, Isijapanese masiko esenziwe i-avoidance neenkqubo zomthetho kukawonke-wonke, esekwe phezu Confucianism iimfundiso ezingeyonyani, Isijapanese imigaqo kweharmony nabani baziswa phambi kwenkundla kuba zolwaphulo mthetho okanye zasekuhlaleni mba intlungu namashishini abucala humiliation, kuba baya disrupted kweharmony.
Nangona kunjalo, yi-th century, innkeepers kwi-Edo waqalisa umnikelo elula isemthethweni iinkonzo kuba guests. Yi-th century, ezinxulumeneyo waqalisa kuvela Isijapanese uluncwadi ngendima 'European-isimbo' abaqondisi-mthetho.
Officially lunxulumano isemthethweni abameli kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni iimvavanyo, eyaziwa ngokuba daigennin, waqalisa kubonakala yi-mid-th century.
Umqathango wama-neenkqubo zomthetho iingcali waqalisa ngexesha Meiji Lomsebenzi.
Ngowe, ulwaphulo-Mthetho Ikhowudi waba ya, apho lunxulumano ilungelo zomthetho ukumelwa ngexesha zolwaphulo mthetho linge.
Urhulumente ke ummeli kwi-linge, waziwa njengo-a Procurator, sanikwa i-prestige yokuba i-government esemthethweni.
Kwakukho umthetho izikolo njengoko ka julayi kwi-Japan
Yi-association, unofficially wanika a modicum ezisemthethweni isimo ukuya daigennin. Urhulumente kanjalo kufuneka kusekwe bar iimbumbano e ngasinye isithili inkundla, kwaye yi, Lawyer ke Umthetho waba promulgated, officially elawula isemthethweni khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke yi-yokumisela imigangatho kuba, ngokunjalo legitimatize, attorneys e-mthetho. I-Lamagqwetha Umthetho waba promulgated ngowe, apho officially wabeka phantsi umsebenzi womsindisi umtshutshisi ngalo mthetho, ngokunjalo ukuseka ezinye iimfuno kuba abo kwi-khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke.
Inkqubo esemthethweni khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke kwi-Japan (hoso) liquka lwabagwebi, abatshutshisi kunye attorneys.
Kwi-Japan, iijaji asingawo ekhethiweyo ukusuka experienced abaqondisi-mthetho, kodwa endaweni ingaba ekhethiweyo emva kokuba omnye-unyaka ka-inkqubo esisinyanzelo 'Isemthethweni Uqeqesho Research Institute'.
Ngaphezu anamashumi iyunivesithi kuba i-undergraduate umthetho faculty, oko kuthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi nzulu umthetho ngalo undergraduate inqanaba kwaye yiya umsebenzi kuba iinkampani kwi indima oko kukuthi unrelated nomthetho. Nangona kunjalo, kuba a lawyer, kuyimfuneko ukuba ndiye umthetho esikolweni, okokuba bar exam, uze uzalise LTRI. Njengoko ye Kweyethupha ngowama, kukho, attorneys ebhalisiweyo ne bar iimbumbano kwi-Japan, nto leyo phezulu ukusuka, kwi-epreli. Ngenxa yenkcubeko imicimbi yayo, Isijapanese kuba kuyanqaphazekaarely kusetyenziswa lawsuits njengokuba kuthetha settle disputes. Kunye kuvuka ka-patent-disputes ngamazwe mergers, nangona kunjalo, Ejapan ngu iyonela kububanzi bephepha a shortage ka-abaqondisi-mthetho, kwaye urhulumente sele kuvunyelwe iyunivesithi ukunikela graduate izifundo kwi-mthetho, ukuze wawuphungula shortage. Nje tyhala ukuvelisa abaqondisi-mthetho zibonakele sele olubuyiselweyo kwi-iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zelizwe i-asemthethweni asekuhlaleni, apho. zintathu ka-abaqondisi-mthetho surveyed kuba kuphela ukuba ungeniswe kwenkundla kuba ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Iqala imivuzo kuba Isijapanese attorneys ingaba ngokuqhelekileyo jikelele ishumi ezingama-oxygen (KUTHI dollazi) emiselwe ngumthetho firms, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha kangangoko kwi-Isijapanese iinkampani.
Kwi-ndlu ingcebiso ingaba kwakhona i-rare kwi-Japan, kunye kuphela ye, ebhalisiweyo bengoshi besebenza corporate umthetho amasebe njengoko kweyomqungu yowama.
Isijapanese bengoshi kuba lapel pin ka-ukulingana surrounded nge uxanduva, kunye symbolizing ubulungisa inkululeko (uxanduva) kwaye isidima ukulingana (ungqinelwano). Langaphandle umthetho firms zithe permitted to hire Isijapanese attorneys ukusukela ngo, kwaye abanye enjalo firms ezifana Morrison Foerster kwaye Mhlophe Meko kuba wakha enkulu Isijapanese umthetho iindlela ezilungileyo ukuba ukukhombisa u-domestic imicimbi ye domestic abaxhasi. Abanye langaphandle firms ukuba wakha bengoshi iindlela ezilungileyo phantsi le nkqubo, ezifana Linklaters kwaye Allen Overy, kuba ukususela downsized okanye eliminated zabo bengoshi njengesiqhelo, ngeli lixa abanye ezifana Herbert Smith Freehills onyulwe ukuba abe ukuba rely kwi kwento nomgaqo-ubudlelwane Enkulu Ezine umthetho firms kunokuba ethengisela kunye nabo ngokuthi employing bengoshi ngaphakathi ifemi. Kunye eziliqela encinci ezizodwa, attorneys e umthetho ezifunekayo okokuba wesizwe bar nakwiimviwo yalandelwa omnye unyaka ka-internship, supervised yi-Isemthethweni Uphando Noqeqesho Institute lesiqu Inkundla Ejapan.
Izicelo kwi-mthetho isikolo kwi-Japan wenziwe declining sharply ukususela malunga nama, -zicelo kwi- ukuba malunga nama, ngowama.
Oku ngenxa phezulu tuition, ubunzima ka-ukufumana imisebenzi, kwaye phambi-njalo abantliziyo enrollment sele ukwanda.
Iintlobo quasi-abaqondisi-mthetho ingaba patent agents (benrishi), irhafu agents (zerishi), abachopheli-scriveners (shiho shoshi), kwaye yolawulo scriveners (gyosei shoshi).
Phambi, bar nakwiimviwo consisted ezintathu stages. Ekuqaleni kwethuba, ebibanjwe kwi-Meyi, consisted ka-amathandathu ezininzi ukukhetha imibuzo malunga yomgaqo-siseko umthetho, zasekuhlaleni umthetho kwaye wolwaphulo-mthetho. Yesibini kwethuba, ibanjelwe phezu iintsuku ezimbini ngojulayi, consisted abalishumi elinesibini essay imibuzo malunga yomgaqo-siseko umthetho, zasekuhlaleni umthetho, wolwaphulo-mthetho, commercial umthetho, zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo nomthetho kwaye wolwaphulo-nkqubo nomthetho. Yokugqibela kwethuba, ebibanjwe ngo-oktobha, waba i-oral nakwiimviwo malunga yomgaqo-siseko umthetho, zasekuhlaleni umthetho, wolwaphulo-mthetho, zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo nomthetho kwaye wolwaphulo-nkqubo nomthetho. Iziphumo zokugqibela zapapashwa ngowe mid-novemba. Kwi-avareji, abantu bathabatha lokuqala kwethuba, umntu kuba yesibini kwethuba, kwaye kuphela, amakhulu amahlanu umntu kuba oral nakwiimviwo kunyaka ngamnye.
Ngowe, entsha bar nakwiimviwo kwamiswa kunye ezimbini kuphela stages.
Yokuqala kude kube ngu-a one-day emfutshane-impendulo nakwiimviwo malunga ezintandathu imithetho ngokunjalo yolawulo umthetho.
Yesibini kude kube ngu-a ezintathu -umhla essay nakwiimviwo ngokunxulumene-wonke umthetho, zasekuhlaleni umthetho kwaye wolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokunjalo subjects enako ekhethiweyo yi-examinee (kuquka basebenza umthetho, yokusingqongileyo umthetho, uluntu wamazwe ngamazwe, private wamazwe ngamazwe).
Ukongeza, umthetho esikolweni yokuba zilawulwe waba ungeniswa. Zonke bar njalo-nxaxheba kufuneka uzalise i-ezimbini okanye ezintathu-unyaka graduate umthetho lwenkqubo, kwaye ingaba limited ukuba uthatha i-njalo kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu emva graduation. Abo bangenalo graduated ukusuka umthetho esikolweni kungathatha kwenkundla njalo emva ukuphunyezwa a esa kundoqo kuncedwe nakwiimviwo('Yobi-Shiken'). Kodwa ukuphunyezwa a esa kundoqo exam ingu a encinci indlela kwaye abantu abaninzi ingaba ukusuka umthetho esikolweni. Ngowama, okokuba umyinge kuba phambi-njalo waba ezintathu. Oku indlela evumela ukuba tsibela umthetho esikolweni kwaye njalo uphephe ukubhatala phezulu tuition. Isijapanese Bar exam laziwa omnye ezininzi kunzima exams ehlabathini. Nangona i-bar okokuba amazinga esiba ephakamileyo emva structural komhlaba ngowe, kuphela jikelele amabini umthetho esikolweni graduates okokuba bar. Ke ngoko, phezulu umthetho izikolo kwi-Japan ingaba ethengisela ngamnye kunye nezinye yi-zokwandisa semfundo i-bar okokuba umyinge. Abafundi banako kuphela umzamo okokuba bar ezintlanu phinda-phinda, emva koko ngabo disqualified. De, ababenako kuphela umzamo kwenkundla nakwiimviwo phinda-phinda kathathu. Uninzi abafundi nzulu ngexesha elizimeleyo private izikolo ukuze okokuba bar njalo, ukongeza umthetho esikolweni. I-avareji ubudala abo ukuphunyezwa kwenkundla nakwiimviwo ngu - ubudala. Abo bathe iphumeze i-bar nakwiimviwo inxaxheba i-one-unyaka uqeqesho kwinkqubo kuba studying isebenziseke lwezakhono (izakhono kuba lwabagwebi, abatshutshisi, nabaqondisi-mthetho) kwi-LTRI. Uqeqesho lootitshala kwi-LTRI consist collective uqeqesho (iintlobo kwi-classroom) umhlaba uqeqesho (apprentices ukuba iijaji, abatshutshisi kunye nomthetho ofisi). LTRI ezijolise befundisa litigation lwezakhono Xa abafundi okokuba zokugqibela nakwiimviwo (nikai shiken) ngomhla LTRI, baba abaqondisi-mthetho, abatshutshisi okanye lwabagwebi. Abatshutshisi nabagwebi ingaba handpicked yi-LTRI. Ukongeza ukuphunyezwa bar iimviwo, umtshutshisi kufuneka kanjalo kubekho ilungu bar association kuba prefecture apho umthetho-ofisi ukhoyo. Ngokunxulumene a uphando yi-Isijapanese Federation of Bar Iimbumbano (JFBA). ezine zonke abaqondisi-mthetho belong ezithathu Tokyo bar iimbumbano (Tokyo Bar Association, Kuqala Tokyo Bar Association, kwaye Yesibini Tokyo Bar Association). Njengoko kweyethupha ngowama, kwakukho, ibhinqa attorneys kwi-Japan okokuba baba ungeniswe kwenkundla, iquka malunga ishumi elinesibhozo ka-Isijapanese abaqondisi-mthetho. Phambi kokuba Imfazwe Yehlabathi II, attorneys umntu kwi-langaphandle amazwe ayikwazi join a Isijapanese bar kunye imvume eyodwa ukususela Supreme Inkundla.
Ezi abantu baba ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko quasi-amalungu bar. Akukho namnye bahlala enyanisweni namhlanje I-quasi-ubulungu waba abolished yi-matyala reforms ngowe, kwaye waba endaweni yi-lamagqwetha e langaphandle umthetho ubulungu ngowe.
Attorneys kwi-Okinawa abo bebe ungeniswe njengoko USA attorneys phambi repatriation ngowe- baba ungeniswe njengoko Isijapanese attorneys. Baya zahlulwa yi-Isijapanese Federation of Bar Iimbumbano (JFBA) njengoko 'Ekhethekileyo amalungu Okinawa', anesithoba ngabo? enyanisweni njengoko kweyethupha ngowama. Large umthetho firms zithe umbutho kwi-Tokyo, Osaka nezinye enkulu izixeko, kwaye ingaba grown dramatically kwiminyaka yakutsha nje. Ukusukela ngo, ezi umthetho firms kanjalo unako ukungena njengoko amalungu kowabo ekunene. Baya zahlulwa yi-JFBA njengoko Isemthethweni khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke Corporation, kwaye kukho umthetho firms abo bazimanya bar kule umthamo njengoko kweyethupha ngowama.
