Bankruptcy yi inkqubo esemthethweni evumela ukuba abasebenzisi bamanzi kwaye lwamashishini karhulumente ukuze kutshatyalaliswe abanye, okanye zonke, babo amatyala yi-ukulandelelana a federal inkundlaNgexesha bankruptcy inika abantu kunye amashishini a inyama qala, njengoko inkundla forgives amatyala ukuba awukwazi kuhlawulwa, kananjalo inika creditors ithuba get ubuncinane inxalenye repayment, ngokusekelwe into yexabiso oyedwa okanye ishishini ingaba ikhona. Ukuhlola lo ingcamango, gqala ezi zinto zilandelayo bankruptcy inkcazelo. Bankruptcy kusenokuba obugorha isixhobo kuba oyedwa okanye ishishini iyonela kububanzi bephepha buhlungu-mali distress. Zininzi iintlobo bankruptcy e-USA, ngamnye olukhankanywe njenge"isahluko,"kwaye wachaza kwaye governed yi-Isihloko elinanye ka-United States Ikhowudi.
Kwiimeko ezithile, oyedwa ke amatyala zibe ngokupheleleyo wiped ngaphandle kwi-bankruptcy, ngethuba abanye, oyedwa ke, okanye ishishini' amatyala ingaba restructured, kuhlawulwa kwi kakhulu ethile, intlawulo sicwangciso.
Kwi-noba kunjalo, xa bankruptcy wenziwe ezenziwe sesi sibini, ingqokelela inkqubo misa, ngokubonelela elikhulu yaba ka-usamuel uncedo. Imbali bankruptcy kwi-USA imihla emva s, xa ebe yamkelwa ukusuka isixhosa ongabhalwanga phantsi.
Ekuqaleni, bankruptcy waba bazibona njengokuba quasi-wolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngowe, Congress wayenikwe igunya legislate bankruptcy ngokunxulumene nemithetho-Siseko.
Congress ekugqibeleni adapted bankruptcy umthetho ekuncedeni abantu kunye amashishini kwembandezelo buhlungu kwezoqoqosho ilahleko ukusombulula ingxaki kwaye lihlawule zabo amatyala. Xa Bankruptcy Act ka- waba ube wenziwe, kwaba limited ukuba initiating involuntary bankruptcy iingxoxo ngokuchasene traders. Kwaba arhoxiswe kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, kwaye USA bankruptcy umthetho thatha yamkelwa ingcamango ka-kungokuzithandela bankruptcy. I-Bankruptcy umthetho, eyaziwa njenge"Unelson Umthetho,"ekugqibeleni wamisa workable ubudlelwane phakathi creditors kwaye kuthi. Ngowe, Chandler Umthetho yandisiwe ingcamango ka-kungokuzithandela bankruptcy, enika igunya phezu bankruptcy ukuba Securities kwaye Exchange Ikhomishini. Ngowe, Bankruptcy Komhlaba Act ka, ngoku ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko Bankruptcy Ikhowudi, overhauled indlela. Lo mthetho emiselwe isakhiwo se-USA bankruptcy iinkundla, kwaye wanika lwabagwebi yedwa xa oko iza igqiba bankruptcy amatyala. USA Bankruptcy Ikhowudi ichaza ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo bankruptcy iintlobo: isahluko, isahluko, isahluko se, isahluko se, isahluko se. Ngamnye uhlobo ngu alungiselelwe ethile, iimeko, kuxhomekeke ukuba bankruptcy ngu ezenziwe sesi sibini ngumntu okanye ishishini, kwaye ixabiso zabo zexabiso, wamkela umthamo, kwaye ityala ingeniso mthwalo. Isahluko se - zisixhenxe bankruptcy lukhona abantu waza watshata couples. Kanjalo olukhankanywe njenge"zayo bankruptcy,"Isahluko se - zisixhenxe ivumela debtor (umntu okanye iqumrhu ukuba iifayili bankruptcy) ukugcina indlu yakhe kwaye personal izinto, ezifana furnishings kwaye impahla, idla yakhe ekhaya kwaye imoto, njengoko ixesha elide njengoko baya musa zingaphezu ethile ixabiso. Ukuba debtor owes imali kwi ekhaya okanye imoto, unako bazigcine kuphela ukuba lowo isebenza a ibandakanye imali-mboleko kwaye mortgage iinkampani ukuqhubeka usenza intlawulo bade babe neminyaka ihlawulwe ngaphandle. Asingabo bonke abantu afanelekile ukuba kuba Isahluko bankruptcy - zisixhenxe, apho sele ezithile ingeniso kwaye net kukunceda kakhulu iimfuno.
Isahluko se - zisixhenxe bankruptcy kuthatha malunga ezintandathu ukugqiba.
Ekupheleni kwetyala, bankruptcy umgwebi inikeza Umyalelo onikwe imvume yokulahlela, esinokusetyenziswa ukuba kuvavanya i-debtor ke amatyala zithe wiped ngaphandle. Isahluko ishumi elinesithathu bankruptcy ngu-a ifomu bankruptcy ukuba zibe ezenziwe sesi sibini yi-abantu kunye watshata couples, kwaye ibandakanya ekudalweni a ityala repayment sicwangciso.
Kwisahluko Se, unsecured creditors, intsingiselo abo bathe eyandisiweyo credit ngaphandle efuna nayiphi na ipropati okanye impahla yexabiso njengoko zokhuseleko, ngokubanzi kuphela kufumana encinane ipesenti isixa-mali owed yi-debtor.
I-debtor kufuneka, nangona kunjalo, ahlawule elidlulileyo ngenxa irhafu kuyo ngokupheleleyo, kwaye niyigcine ngoku, kwaye lowo kufuneka ahlawule imali epheleleyo isixa elidlulileyo ngenxa nayiphi secured ityala, ezifana imoto-mboleko okanye ekhaya mortgage.
Ekupheleni a Isahluko ishumi elinesithathu bankruptcy, uninzi debtor ke amatyala ingaba wiped ngaphandle nge onikwe imvume yokulahlela, abanye creditors kokufumana inxalenye yentlawulo, abanye kokufumana namnye.
Ukuba abe eligible for Isahluko ishumi elinesithathu bankruptcy, debtor kufuneka ube reliable umthombo wengeniso, njengoko uya kuba kufuneka lihlawule ubuncinane ezinye ityala lowo sele accrued. Ngokongezelelweyo, federal urhulumente imisela isixa-mali ityala kuvunyelwe phantsi Isahluko ishumi elinesithathu bankruptcy. Njengoko ka, umntu akanako kuba ngaphezu dollazi, kwi-secured ityala kwaye dollazi, kwi-unsecured ityala. Isahluko se-elinanye bankruptcy inje agciniwe kuba inkulu amakhulu kunye nzima ityala bimithwalo, nangona kunokwenzeka esetyenziswa yi amashishini amancinci kanjalo. Isahluko se-elinanye bankruptcy, kanjalo ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko"ishishini reorganization,"inika indlela kuba amashishini ukuhlawula ngaphandle, okanye ukuhlawula phantsi, abo amatyala phezu ixesha, ngaphandle yokulahla izinto ezizezabo. Isahluko se-elinanye bankruptcy kubaluleke ngakumbi costly kuba debtor, kwaye iqalisa iselwa kancinci ngakumbi ixesha ukugqiba kwe-Izahluko ezisixhenxe kwaye. Isahluko elinesibini bankruptcy lufana Isahluko ishumi elinesithathu kuyo isakhiwo, kodwa inika enye okuninzi kuba usapho abalimi nosapho fishermen, intsingiselo abo abantliziyo iintsapho azibandakanye kwi umsebenzi wokufama okanye fishing njenge shishini.
Ezi ezincinane usapho abalimi kwaye fishermen kukho kuphela okkt eligible for Isahluko se.
Isahluko elinesibini bankruptcy mkhwa limited ekhaya, kwaye ngoko ke nabani na khawucinge nge-filing olu hlobo bankruptcy kufuneka ahlangane ezithile engqongqo ingeniso kwaye ukuziphatha iimfuno. Isahluko ithoba bankruptcy ifumaneka kuphela oomasipala, ithetha i-elawula imizimba ka-izixeko, ezinemigodi, izithili nge corporate bukho. Isahluko ithoba bankruptcy ufumana enye ifomu reorganization bankruptcy, nangona ngenxa yokuba umasipala ngu ezimeleyo ka-kwimo urhulumente, bankruptcy inkundla ngu limited na ke onako ukuze. Bankruptcy kusenokuba ngumsebenzi lifesaver kuba umntu struggling angeliso ama-isixa-mali ityala. Kukho, nangona kunjalo, kwezixhobo zokusebenza njengoko ntoni bankruptcy ayenze. Ezimbalwa izinto bankruptcy akanako ukwenza kuba umntu ziquka: Kukho inani non-dischargeable amatyala hayi ezidweliswe ngasentla, ukuba azinako eliminated yi-bankruptcy. Ezi ziquka: Involuntary bankruptcy ngu ezenziwe sesi sibini nge-i-creditor ngokuchasene kushishino kwi-i-umzamo ukubuyiselwa abanye babo imali. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ngokufanayo xa i-creditor uyayazi ukuba ishishini unako ukuhlawula, kodwa uyala ukwenza njalo. Ngexesha involuntary bankruptcy ngokuchasene oyedwa esivunyelweyo, kubalulekile rare, njengoko creditors musa ngokuqhelekileyo recoup zabo ilahleko. Involuntary bankruptcy ngu initiated xa omnye okanye ngaphezulu creditors iifayile uxwebhu lwezikhalazo kunye bankruptcy inkundla. I-debtor ke sele amabini kwiintsuku ukuphendula kwaye ukuba baya akaphumeleli ukwenza njalo, inkundla unika bankruptcy. Ezininzi imida, ezintathu ubuncinane creditors kufuneka ukungena uxwebhu lwezikhalazo, isixa-mali zidibene unsecured ityala kufuneka ubuncinane dollazi. Wokuqala ngena kwi-filing bankruptcy ngu ukufumana i-experienced lamagqwetha. Umtshutshisi ayikho ezifunekayo, kodwa bankruptcy inkqubo imbaxa, kwaye usebenzisa umtshutshisi ikunceda ukuba iyenzeka ngokuchanekileyo. I-lamagqwetha kuya kunceda debtor kuyimfuneko uzalise ifomu, kuquka uxwebhu lwezikhalazo, schedules, kwaye creditor uluhlu kwaye izaziso. Zonke iifomu kufuneka zivalwe ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo kwaye honestly Oyedwa khawucinge nge-filing bankruptcy kwi eyiyeyakhe, okanye abo ungathanda ukuba uhlole requisite iifomu, unakho ukufumana bankruptcy iifomu njengoko federal bankruptcy kwiwebhusayithi. Xa kuyimfuneko iifomu zithe ezenziwe sesi sibini, debtor kufuneka wahlanganisa kunye ukuxhasa uxwebhu, kwaye bale mihla bankruptcy imithetho kufuna ngamnye debtor ukufumana esemthethweni credit counseling, kwaye unike ubungqina ugqibo. Inkundla inike a bankruptcy trustee ngamnye meko Lo mntu abo baya kovavanyo onke amaxwebhu, aphande debtor ke, iimeko zemali, kwaye kwalatha ukuba ngaba nayiphi na abanamatyala ingaba objecting ukuba bankruptcy. Kwiindawo ezininzi iimeko, bankruptcy samkelwe ngalo kweli banga, yi-trustee, kunye debtor zange appearing e inkundla.
Kwi-complex iimeko, nangona kunjalo, ezifana nezo involving enkulu amakhulu, large ityala bimithwalo, kunye nezinye iimeko ezikhethekileyo, ubuncinane omnye kokuva iza kubanjwa.
Wonke urhulumente kwi-USA ubani bankruptcy inkundla ngaphakathi yayo-matyala wesithili. Wonke urhulumente sele ubuncinane omnye wesithili, kunye elikhulu states ekubeni ngakumbi. Iijaji owongamelayo phezu bankruptcy hearings ingaba igunya ukwenza matyala izigqibo, nangona kangako yeenkqubo kuqhubeka ngaphandle courtroom, phantsi kolawulo a bankruptcy trustee.
Yinto eqhelekileyo kuba bankruptcy-zicelo ukuba ayizange imiselwe futhi kwinani inkundla ngaphandle kokuba kukho objections yi - creditors yabo ezicetywayo sicwangciso.
Ukususela bankruptcy yi enobunzima nkqubo, kwaye ezithile ethile, iifomu kufuneka izaliswa kakuhle, ikakhulu abantu kunye amashishini ezama ukuba ifayile bankruptcy baguqukele experienced bankruptcy attorneys uncedo kwabo ne-nkqubo. Abanye bankruptcy attorneys nkqu specialize kwi-ngakumbi complex iintlobo bankruptcy, ezifana izahluko elinesibini no. Kucetyiswa ngamandla ezininzi isemthethweni iingcali ukuba bankruptcy lamagqwetha hired kuba amava kunye kwiimeko efanayo ukuba debtor ke imiba.
