I-Bulletin ucela Unjingalwazi Uwilliam P
Baya musa zonke ufuna ukuba abe immigration abaqondisi-mthetho, kodwa kulo nyaka, amakhulu Harvard Umthetho Esikolweni abafundi ndenza immigrant amalungelo wabo ishishiniAlford malunga uphuhliso isemthethweni indlela amidst i-historic utshintsho uthatha indawo kwi-China. Qhubeka Ufunda Annette Lu LL. waba wary ka-Ma Ying-jeou S. Namhlanje yena ngu usekela kamongameli umongameli Yasetaiwan, kwaye uya inkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo. Yabo intertwined stories babe foretell Sasetaiwan ke kwixesha elizayo. Qhubeka Ufunda Kanye ezaziwayo kuba ngokulima ngakumbi engineers kunokuba abaqondisi-mthetho, Ejapan ngu embarking kwi uhambo neenkqubo zomthetho expansion. Qhubeka Ufunda Xa Harvard Umongameli Derek Bok wabhala scathing critique ka-i-american litigiousness, lowo pointed ukuba Japan ne-omnye kuphela-yamashumi amabini njengoko abaninzi abaqondisi-mthetho ngamnye capita njengoko a ngcono umfanekiso wayo."Engineers ukwenza pie ukukhula elikhulu, abaqondisi-mthetho kuphela malunga njani omawuqingqwe kuya phezulu,"Bok wabhala, olunzulu a Isijapanese adage.
Kodwa u-decades kamva, Ejapan ngu rethinking ubulumko ukuba adage kwaye retooling yayo isemthethweni amaziko ngeendlela ukuba jonga iselwa abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba i-american abaqondisi-mthetho.
Inani abaqondisi-mthetho ungeniswe amanqaku kwi-Japan ngu creeping upward. Ezintathu -nyaka, graduate-inqanaba umthetho izikolo kuba evuliweyo okokuqala. Japan ke corporate umthetho firms ingaba ukujonga umzekelo wabo elikhulu i-american counterparts, lokukhula kwaye umhlathi. Kwaye Tokyo ngu undergoing yintoni Harvard Umthetho Unjingalwazi J. Marko Ramseyer njengoko kuchaziwe nto ngaphantsi i -"comment sasenew York-isimbo ukuya kowe-firms."Wanika, nkqu ngezi nguqu, Ejapan uza ngxi kuba kude abangaphantsi abaqondisi-mthetho ngamnye capita kwe-United States. Kodwa utshintsho amele a startling shift ngendlela Japan ke isemthethweni inkqubo sele mahlanu ukusukela Imfazwe Yehlabathi II."Ngu yolwandle tshintsha kwi-isemthethweni khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke kwi-Japan,"watsho Uyohane Steed, zimanye Upawulos Hastings kwi-Tokyo kwaye co-sihlalo we-ifemi ke e-Asia-Pacific senzo iqela. Japan ke umthetho khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke yayo, inkqubo esemthethweni imfundo itshintshe abancinane kuba decades, nkqu njengoko abantu behlabathi kwaye uqoqosho boomed. I-bar, kunye Kubulungiseleli Lobulungisa kwaye isizwe ke supreme inkundla, agcina ziqinile lid kwi-inani abaqondisi-mthetho yi-ngokugcina a withering ukungaphumeleli bezinga okanye ipesenti kuba abalindi ngasesangweni exam. Hayi de yaye inani bar passers kuqala zingaphezu amakhulu amahlanu abangaphantsi kwe-Harvard Umthetho Esikolweni u-nkqubo ithatha ilizwe ilibeke kufutshane iklasi nganye ngonyaka a bonke amane ipesenti ubungakanani elo-United States. (Kuleminyaka ezine decades, inani yenyuka thatha, kodwa kulo nyaka u, candidates, kuphela, amabini anamashumi iya kuba nempumelelo. I-nangona sikwimeko yoqoqosho enzima ukhuphiswano ithetha i-avareji ngokutsha minted Isijapanese lawyer ufmana amashumi amabini anesixhenxe ubudala kwaye ithathe uvavanyo ezintlanu umphinda-phinde ngo emva cramming kuba iminyaka e-private prep izikolo.) Ekubeni kuphela, abaqondisi-mthetho ukuqwalasela okuthethwayo wonke swaths ye ilizwe kokuba ezimbalwa ukuba nawuphi na kubo. Alithoba ipesenti of Japan ke ebhalisiweyo zixeko ezinemigodi ngowe-? kokuba omnye kuphela lawyer okanye akukho kwamsebenzi. Uninzi baba solo practitioners. Nkqu Japan ke, oyena umthetho firms kuyanqaphazekaarely kokuba ngaphezu a ezimbalwa dozen attorneys abo kwagcinwa i-autonomous umntu iindlela ezilungileyo kwaye koko usharedi-ofisi isithuba nolawulo, uthi Steed. Inkqubo suited Isijapanese amakhulu. Baya relied heavily kwi"quasi abaqondisi-mthetho"abo basebenzela kuba zabo umthetho amasebe ngaphandle ngonaphakade ekubeni ophunyezwe kwenkundla. Ne-Japan ke uqoqosho booming kwi, iinqwelo observers ezifana Bok waqalisa ecela ukuba mhlawumbi-United States kokuba into sifunda okungakumbi modest Isijapanese inkqubo esemthethweni. Kodwa xa Japan ke kwezoqoqosho bubble burst kwi-kwangoko s, yalandelwa a lengthy recession ukuba battered corporate Japan, kwabakho ngesiquphe a enkulu imfuneko abaqondisi-mthetho."Ilanlekile iinkampani waya bankrupt, njengoko ngenxa apho ukubonelelwa bankruptcy specialists kwaye mergers kwaye acquisitions abaqondisi-mthetho baba luyafuneka, njengoko hayi kuphela Isijapanese iinkampani kwaye imali kodwa kumazwe angaphandle abatyali-mali babefuna ukuya kuthenga ngaphandle bankrupt iinkampani, kuquka large-mali amaziko,"watsho Masakazu Iwakura LL.
M. Japan ke ezimbalwa enkulu firms, apho waba largely focused kwi litigation, kufunyenwe ngokwabo e a disadvantage kwi-ethengisela kuba ezinye umsebenzi kunye elikhulu multinational firms.
Ukhuphiswano kuphela ukwanda nge easing ka-izithintelo ukuba ngaphambili wenza kube nzima kuba langaphandle abaqondisi-mthetho ukuba senzo apho, ngaphaya a handful ka-Americans abaqalisa zokusebenza ngexesha postwar umsebenzi kwaye wound phezulu grandfathered kwi senzo.
Ekuqaleni ngowe, Ejapan waqala lifting enjalo izithintelo kwaye multinational firms waqalisa ekumiseleni-shop kwi-Tokyo, nangona bona? ayikwazanga hire Isijapanese associates okanye kuba partnerships kunye Isijapanese abaqondisi-mthetho. Kodwa nkqu abo impediments ingaba kamsinya kuphakanyiselwa. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, kumazwe angaphandle kwaye Isijapanese abaqondisi-mthetho ayikwazi ekugqibeleni ifomu partnerships. Multinational umthetho firms ezifana Upawulos Hastings kwaye Clifford Ithuba ayisasebenzi luyafuneka ezahlukeneyo inombolo amanani kwaye ityala okanye iyabala ngenxa yabo Isijapanese kwaye langaphandle abaqondisi-mthetho.
Isijapanese firms waziva a threat ukusuka ngamazwe firms idala Isijapanese umthetho iindlela ezilungileyo, wathi Udavide Sneider, intloko Simpson Thacher ke Tokyo-ofisi:"Kukho ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabo kuba recruits kwaye kuba abaxhasi, kwaye abazange baqonde okokuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno labathengi, baya kufuneka enkulu amanani abaqondisi-mthetho kwaye iinkalo zobuchule kwi-inani senzo kwiindawo ukukhombisa u-enobunzima eyenziweyo."Kangangokuba, Ejapan ke, zine - wemiceli-mthetho firms kuba bonke yandisiwe ngaphezulu amabini anamashumi abaqondisi-mthetho ngamnye kwi-ngaphantsi kwe-a-decade, ugqitha mergers kwaye aggressive hiring.
A nje ukudibana ukubhengezwa kuthetha enye ifemi kungekudala uza kuba attorneys."Abo. yokufumana ngenene omkhulu, ngenene ngokukhawuleza,"watsho Ramseyer, abo ukhulele e-Japan njengoko unyana abefundisi. Yena ngoku uphethe Mitsubishi Professorship ka-Isijapanese Isemthethweni Uphando ngalo HLS kwaye isebenzisa yayo Isijapanese Isemthethweni Uphando lenkqubo, nto leyo zokufundisa uphando ngo professors kwaye abafundi kwi-Japan, elinganayo ukufundisa enxulumene Isijapanese umthetho kwaye abaququzeleli visitors ukususela Isijapanese isemthethweni ihlabathi. Iwakura sele witnessed yokuzila inyathelo nje ngokutshintsha firsthand.
xa babeza abafundi ngexesha HLS
Yakhe ifemi, Nishimura Partners, waba kuphela amabini abaqondisi-mthetho akuba eqale kukho nineteen eminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa namhlanje sele ngaphezulu kwama, kwaye kutshanje esayiniweyo isivumelwano idibane Asahi Koma Umthetho ii-Ofisi.
Harvard Umthetho alums ingaba kulungile-represented e zonke"big ezine"firms ukuba zilawula corporate amanqaku kwi-Japan. Nagashima Ohno Tsunematsu boasts nineteen partners abo graduated ukusuka HLS, kuquka Yasuharu Nagashima LL.
M, abo co-waseka ifemi ngowe.
Yayo ngoku ngu-sihlalo Hisashi Hara LL. Phantse ishumi ipesenti ye Nishimura Partners' attorneys ingaba graduates ka-HLS, njengoko ingaba amashumi amabini ipesenti ye Anderson Mori Tomotsune ke partners kwaye ishumi abaqondisi-mthetho ekuhlaleni Mori Hamada Matsumoto.
Isijapanese firms ingaba kujike umbutho ngokomthetho amasebe senzo amaqela, njenge zabo langaphandle competitors, uthi Sneider, abaya rhoqo ufumana inquiries ukusuka enkulu firms ezama ukufunda malunga nolawulo iindlela ezilungileyo.
I-recession ayiyi kuphela inkcazo ye-Japan ke ukutshintsha inkqubo esemthethweni. Globalization kokuba sele wenza ezininzi ishishini executives ukuba rethink ixabiso abaqondisi-mthetho, uthi Udaniyeli H. Foote, Ngezifundo ka-Tokyo umthetho unjingalwazi."Iinkokeli zoshishino kwaphuhliswa ngakumbi appreciation kuba exabisekileyo indima idlalwe ngu abaqondisi-mthetho kwi-egqiba disputes kwaye ngokusebenzisa ephambili ucwangciso, isihloko ngaphandle kwezo meko elizayo disputes,"wathi."Kuya kusetyenziswa kuba Japan prided ngokwayo kwi-hayi kakhulu litigation,"watsho Ikomiti Zaloom, owayesakuba ingcebiso e Mori Hamada Matsumoto ngubani ngoku ufundisa e eziliqela Isijapanese iyunivesithi."Ngoku, ke wajonga e njengokuba into elungileyo."Urhulumente kanjalo ukwanda abaqondisi-mthetho' ukubaluleka yi-deregulating kuqoqosho. Iinkampani ngoku lithuba kujike ukuba abaqondisi-mthetho ukunceda sombulula disputes. Kwaye kwi, urhulumente-wonyulwa Ubulungisa Indlela Komhlaba Ibhunga bakhululwe a ingxelo ubizo kuba dramatic utshintsho Isijapanese inkqubo esemthethweni, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kubeka jurors kuzo iimvavanyo, enew ezintathu -unyaka graduate umthetho izikolo kwaye imbono ka-ukwazi i bonke abaqondisi-mthetho ka, ngowama. Ezinye iziphakamiso kuquka ezintathu -unyaka umthetho izikolo jury iimvavanyo ingaba sele ekubeni yamkelwa. Japan ke kuqala graduate-inqanaba umthetho izikolo waqalisa kuvulwa kwi. Kukho sele kubo Kodwa bar sele ukuqhubeka kumelana koxinzelelo dramatically nokwandisa inani abaqondisi-mthetho. I-bar okokuba umyinge usesinye bumped phezulu kuphela modestly, kulindeleke ukwandisa ukusuka kwixesha langoku, amabini anamashumi yonyaka omtsha admissions, ngowama. Steed predicts umqulu lawsuits liza kunyuka njengoko inani abaqondisi-mthetho rises."Ukuba uza mhlawumbi kukhokelela a ngakumbi legalistic indlela ishishini izivumelwano, consumer protection, yokusingqongileyo imiba,"wathi. Ramseyer, nangona kunjalo, cautions ngokuchasene overstating ifuthe a inyuke lawyer iklasi. Nkqu emva yandisa, lowo amanqaku ngaphandle, inani abaqondisi-mthetho kwi-Japan uza ngxi kuba iselwa ezincinane ngokokuba kufutshane kwayo ukuze e-United States."Ke kakhulu ngakumbi vula kunokuba kwakunjalo, kodwa nangona kunjalo kakhulu ngakumbi ezivaliweyo kunokuba yinto apha,"wathi.
Nangona kunjalo, athi, kukho abaninzi imiqondiso elandayo ngesithomo ka-abaqondisi-mthetho kwi-Isijapanese society.
Umzekelo, lokukhula indawo ekuyo into ka graduates ka kakhulu bomgangatho colleges kwi-Japan ingaba opting kuba isemthethweni careers kunokuba angena corporate candelo okanye bomgangatho urhulumente bureaucracies ezifana Kubulungiseleli Yemali."Ebukekayo umthetho isebe graduate abo babe kuba phambi esikhethiweyo a corporate okanye urhulumente umsebenzi ngoku ukukhetha ukuba bafunde nzulu kuba bar,"Ramseyer wathi."Ukungenela ezi omkhulu multinational firms ingaba ngenene a lucrative nto ukwenza."Nangona zonke iinguqu, akukho namnye ilindele ukuba Isijapanese kwaye i-american nezomthetho kunangaphambili ukuba converge ngokupheleleyo."Yesininzi nezomthetho kuxhomekeka yonyulo iindlela,"watsho Ramseyer,"kwaye yomgaqo-siseko structures kuxhomekeka zembali exigencies. Isibini amazwe ingaba efanayo kwi-ilanlekile ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa baya kuzisa-hluke kakhulu yonyulo iindlela kwaye hluke kakhulu imbali.".
