I-loomama suffrage kwi-Japan unako bomgama yayo lemveli emva kwenkqubo yolawulo lwentando yesininzi kwaziswa yi-Meiji Lomsebenzi, kwaye blossomed kwi-s ngexesha Taisho lwentando yesininziEmva Meiji Ubuyiselo kwi, ingcamango amalungelo oluntu kwaye enye suffrage waqalisa ukuba abambelele kwi-Japan. Ngexesha emva kwexesha th century, yokuqala proponents kuba loomama amalungelo advocated, hayi kuba ezopolitiko inclusion okanye voting amalungelo, kodwa kuba reforms kwi-kasolusapho society oppressing abafazi. Ka-prime ukubaluleka ukuba kwangoko feminist yokuhamba-hamba ke bizani loomama imfundo.
Policymakers babekholelwa ukuba oku kwaba imperative ukuba kwanokulondolozwa imeko, njengoko izakuba lungisa girls ukuba siqalile abafazi kwaye oomama capable ka-ngokulima ukwenziwa, patriotic oonyana.
Nangona policymakers akazange necessarily kuba efanayo motives njengoko loomama amalungelo advocates zabo bizani loomama imfundo, ukufumaneka wemfundo wavula ucango kuba ezinye advancements kuba samakhosikazi Isijapanese society.
Njengoko unye yabasetyhini wokuba izakhono kwaye prudent abantu, nokuba kwi-kubasebenzi okanye ngokusebenzisa imfundo, ngale mihla ingcamango kamsinya kuya olwamkelekileyo ukongeza yayo interrelationship kunye okulungileyo kwaye nyulu motherhood.
The end of the th century kananjalo wabona balwe kuba ukukhusela abasetyhini ukusuka kasolusapho yenkcubeko iindlela ezilungileyo. Ukuba ezifana prostitution kwaye polygamy kokuba ixesha elide subjected kubo gwenxa kweziyobisi, ingakumbi sexually ezisasaziweyo izifo. uphawulo luyafuneka Feminists waqalisa oppose kunye exclusive ubonelelo zasekuhlaleni amalungelo kuba abantu kwaye exclusion yabasetyhini ukusuka politics. Abafazi kwi-Japan baba prohibited, ngumthetho, ukususela ukungenela amaqela ezopolitiko, expressing ezopolitiko izimvo, kwaye abebezimase ezopolitiko iintlanganiso.
Ngo, balwe kuba abafazi kwezopolitiko inclusion kwakunjalo ngexesha forefront ye-suffrage ukushukunyiswa, ngowe, Yezosondlo of Japan (epalamente) overruled Inqaku ezintlanu Yamapolisa, Ukhuseleko Umthetho ngumthetho ngokumnika abafazi ilungelo kuzimasa ezopolitiko iintlanganiso.
I-ban kwi loomama inxaxheba koluntu amaqela ezopolitiko akazange altered, njengoko abaninzi amalungu Yezosondlo ndeva ukuba kwaba selfish kuba abafazi ukuba zishiya iintsapho zabo kuba urhulumente. I-loomama Suffrage League waba waseka ngowe, nyaka ukuba Isijapanese urhulumente ube wenziwe i Abantu ke Suffrage Umthetho, ngaphandle ukwandisa ivoti abafazi. Emva abafazi baba wanika ilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko assemblies, kwabakho surge kwi-amanani abafazi ke inzala amaqela. Alumni amaqela, Christian umfundisi amaqela, nabanye abafazi ke auxiliary amaqela waqalisa sprout ngexesha i-imfazwe xesha. Emva massive earthquake wabetha Tokyo ngowe, abameli ukusuka amane anesithathu ezi organizations abaziwayo imikhosi babe Tokyo Federation of loomama Organizations. I-federation waba yenzelwe ukukhonza njengoko zokumelana ukuba aid abo achaphazelekayo yi-earthquake, nangona kunjalo, wahamba babe omnye oyena loomama activist amaqela ixesha. Ukuba ngokufanelekileyo idilesi ye - echaphazela abafazi, Tokyo Federation of loomama Organizations umahlule kwi ezintlanu ngesathelayithi amaqela: ekuhlaleni, urhulumente, imfundo, asebenze, emisebenzi. Urhulumente candelo waba mhlawumbi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, njengokuba kubhaliwe spawned i-League kuba Realization yabasetyhini ke Suffrage, emva koko i-loomama Suffrage League, apho waba uninzi influential kwaye outspoken loomama isikhokelo collective ye-era. Urhulumente ngesathelayithi ekhutshwe a imanifesto outlining i-abuses Isijapanese abafazi intlungu njani babeza kuba elungisiweyo:) kubalulekile zethu uxanduva ukutshabalalisa masiko abathe existed kweli lizwe kule minyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu eminyaka kwaye ukulungisa omtsha Ejapan ukuze ikhuthaza wendalo amalungelo amadoda nabafazi) Njengoko abafazi zithe abebezimase-wonke esikolweni kunye nabantu kuba isiqingatha century ukususela ekuqalekeni Meiji xesha kwaye bethu amathuba kwicandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo kuba waqhubeka ukwandisa, kubalulekile unjust ukuba ilwalele abafazi ukusuka ngamazwe suffrage) amalungelo Ezopolitiko ziyimfuneko kuba umyalelo wokhuselo yaphantse ezine abazizigidi ezingama basetyhini kweli lizwe) Abafazi abo umsebenzi kwi khaya kufuneka lunxulumano phambi komthetho ukwazi yabo epheleleyo oluntu enokwenzeka) Ngaphandle amalungelo ezopolitiko asinako ukuze uluntu ingqwalasela e noba-national okanye nelasekuhlaleni karhulumente) Kubalulekile kunye kuyimfuneko yaye kunokwenzeka ukuzisa kunye abafazi ezahluka-iinkolo kunye nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwi intshukumo kuba loomama suffrage. I-League, ngokunjalo numerous amanye amaqela, waqhubeka ekulweni kuba loluntu kwaye ezopolitiko inclusion, ngokunjalo neenkqubo zomthetho umyalelo wokhuselo ukususela kasolusapho imicimbi yayo ukuba waqhubeka kwi-Japan. Abafazi baba ekugqibeleni wanika ilungelo lokuvota ngowe, inxalenye ngenxa yoxinzelelo ukususela occupying imikhosi-United States uphawulo luyafuneka. Njengoko ilungu Isijapanese Socialist Iqela, Shidzue Kato wayengowokuqala umfazi onyulelwe ukuba i-Imperial Yezosondlo. Yena wachitha uninzi yakhe ubomi besilwa kuba loomama ngokuziphinda-phinda kwaye amalungelo ezopolitiko. Yena ufumana iqaphele kuba annulling yakhe umtshato kwaye remarrying, i-mthetho ukuba waba kakhulu rare kuba abafazi ngexesha. Fusae Ichikawa: Losapho kuba loomama amalungelo ezopolitiko Ichikawa concentrated uninzi wakhe iinzame ngakulo gaining abafazi ilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba voting inkqubo amaqela ezopolitiko. Kunye Hiratsuka Raicho, yena yanceda ukuseka Omtsha, Umfazi Association Wakhe kukawonke-wonke eyandisiweyo ukuba Patriotic Cinezela Association kunye League kuba loomama Suffrage. Ichikawa wahamba waya e-United States kufutshane nje emva kokuba Imfazwe Yehlabathi mna kwaye aqwalasela advancements i-american abafazi ezifana Alice Upawulos wenza kwi-balwe kuba ukulingana kwaye amalungelo ezopolitiko. Ngowe, Yezosondlo voted ukuba overrule lo ummiselo evumela abafazi abekho ezopolitiko iintlanganiso.
Kunye miqobo prohibiting abafazi ukusuka ukuphakanyiswa athabatha inxaxheba politics, abafazi ke inzala amaqela kunye nezinye advocates ukuqhubeka persevere kuba voting kwaye inclusion amalungelo.
Oku akazange safika de xa unyulo umthetho waba revised phantsi USA umsebenzi ka-Japan, evumela abafazi phezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini lokuvota kwi-unyulo. Enye uninzi kakuhle iindlela apho abafazi baba esebenzayo kwi-suffrage yokuhamba-hamba waba ngokusebenzisa kuncwadi outlets. Ngexesha interwar xesha, inani educated abafazi kwi-Japan kwakuyiminyaka yayo ephezulu. Ezi abafazi, abaninzi babo baba graduates ye Japan ke finest amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo ukufunda, baqalisa ukusebenzisa babo imfundo njengokuba isixhobo kwi-ekulweni oppression. Kuncwadi serials ezifana Seito, Fujin Koron, kwaye Shufu Akukho Tomo babebaninzi kakhulu ethandwa kakhulu feminist iimagazini ngexesha. Baya rhoqo tackled imiba efana kwesisu, sexuality, politics, kwaye ukuzimela Ezinjalo iimagazini ngamanye amaxesha oku kubandakanya Western kuncwadi imisebenzi okokuba baba rhoqo deemed controversial ukuba largely conservative Isijapanese abantu behlabathi. Tradition ibiza kuba Isijapanese abafazi ukukhonza njengoko ethanda subordinates ukuba abantu. Enye uninzi ethandwa kakhulu mazwi am, ixesha waba ryosai kenbo, oko kuthetha ukuthi 'ezilungileyo umfazi, kumadoda umama'. Oku subservient indima kusenokuba traced ukuba widely olwamkelekileyo kwaye revered iimfundiso ka-Hayashi Razan, abo kwaphuhliswa a Confucian yesikolo ka-kucingwa ukuba wagxininisa superiority kwaye inferiority ngendlela ethile budlelwane nabanye. Ngokunxulumene nalo esikolweni ka-ngcinga, ubudlelwane phakathi kwendoda nomfazi relied phezu umfazi ngokupheleleyo devoting herself ukuba iimfuno kwaye impumelelo ka-umyeni. Hayashi Razan ke, iimfundiso, nangona kwaphuhliswa ngexesha elinesixhenxe century, ukuba isiseko Isijapanese loluntu kwaye yenkcubeko ubume kuba centuries. Abafazi traditionally ayeza qwalasela zonke iinzame zabo kwi-ulondolozo kunye nophuhliso zabo amakhaya, kwaye zabo umsebenzi waba limited ukuba domestic kwaye imisebenzi yezolimo. Nge-evolution of Japan njengokuba lokukhula industrialized isizwe kunye ne reformation ka-Isijapanese society, abafazi waba uninzi kwi-ngokutsha wakha factories ukuba yimfuneko ukuba inkxaso Japan ke booming textile ishishini.
Nangona ezi abafazi baba bavunyelwe ukuba ushiye emakhayeni abo kwaye earn umvuzo, baba? igcine ekuthinjweni yi-kasolusapho miqobo.
Baninzi abafazi kuzo kubasebenzi kokuba ithunyelwe nge-iintsapho zabo umsebenzi factories ukuba ithumele zabo earnings emva emakhayeni abo. Baba ezinikezelwe igumbi kwaye ibhodi kuba ixesha yabo yengqesho, kodwa iimeko apho bahlala kwaye isebenza baba deplorable kwaye ngenxa kwi-widespread ukugula kunye nezifo. Iimeko, babo mediocre imivuzo, kwaye zabo umngcipheko kodwa ubomi-threatening zonyango iimeko baba lokuqhuba umkhosi ngasemva suffrage yokuhamba-hamba ke umnqweno ukuphucula imeko eyenziwa emsebenzini kuba abafazi. Ngenxa theses insufferable kwaye hazardous umsebenzi iimeko, abafazi, ingakumbi textile abasebenzi, iqalile ukungena Eyobuhlobo Society kamva gama i-Japan Federation of Asebenze, ukuze obulalayo i-numerous inequalities. Kunye elide agonizing iiyure, intsingiselo ngesondo ungcungcuthekiso, kwaye akonelanga umvuzo, industrialized abafazi abasebenzi of Japan intlungu tremendously. Nangona kasolusapho ideology categorizing abafazi njengoko 'auxiliary amalungu' kwaye 'lwesibini aqhuba earners' ye-eyobuhlobo society, isihlwele yabasetyhini zihleli eager ekulweni kuba justifiable kwaye elifanelekileyo umvuzo.
